Bloom'en Nutrition » When Pregnant

Prenatal Vitamins Are Designed Just For Pregnancy And Lactation

Julie — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 05:44:09 +0000

Prenatal vitamins are specifically for women who are pregnant or nursing their babies. Some doctors also recommend that any woman planning a pregnancy begin taking prenatal vitamins about three months before a planned conception. It is very important to both the health of the baby and the health of the mother that she take vitamins just in case her diet does not provide enough of the vitamins she and her baby need. The nutrients folic acid, calcium and iron are especially important.

The Importance Of Folic Acid

Folic acid is a B vitamin. Hans R. Larsen, MSc ChE, cites research showing that 88% of all Americans are deficient in folic acid. The Mayo Clinic strongly recommends women of childbearing age who are planning to become pregnant take 800 micrograms of folic acid or folate every day. After conception, the need for folic acid increases to 1000 mcg per day. Some of this should come from food sources, such as nuts, beans, citrus fruits or leafy green vegetables.

Why is folic acid so important? Folic acid is absolutely crucial to prevent neural tube birth defects. The most common neural tube defect is Spina Bifida. Babies born with Spina Bifida are born with open spines and exposed nerves. In other words, the spine and nerves are visible and outside of the body because of this defect. Nerves become damaged and the child can have variable degrees of paralysis and other consequences from being born with an open spine.

Folic acid has been shown in many research studies to prevent this birth defect. These defects develop very early in pregnancy, usually by the 28th day following conception; this is a time when many women do not know they are pregnant. This is why it is so critical for women to be sure that they are getting the folic acid they need prior to pregnancy.

The Importance Of Calcium

Calcium is another essential mineral during pregnancy. As the baby grows, he or she is using some of the calcium in the mother’s body to grow. Without enough calcium, the mother’s bones can be at risk for developing osteoporosis. Every adult man and woman who is 19-50 years old, including pregnant women, need 1000 mg of calcium each day.

Beginning at age 51, the calcium requirement increases to 1200 mg per day. This is the recommended dosage for all people. Prenatal vitamins are meant to be used as a supplement, not to fulfill all of the nutritional requirements a person has. As such, the calcium level of most prenatal vitamins is only about 200-300 mg. Another source of calcium is necessary to meet the recommended number of milligrams per day.

The Importance Of Iron

The recommended iron intake for non-pregnant women ages 19-50 is just 18 mg per day. When pregnant, a woman’s iron needs increase to 27 mg per day. Iron supplements will help prevent anemia and make sure that the mother’s and baby’s blood have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen efficiently. Half of all pregnant women are deficient in iron. Iron deficiency has been shown to increase the risk of premature labor and low birth weight. Premature labor and low birth weight come with their own sets of health problems.

Pregnancy is a time when many things are out of your control. Will your baby have all of his or her fingers and toes? Will he or she have a birth defect? Will you miscarry? All of these things are potential problems that you can do nothing about. One of the things you can control is whether or not you take in enough of the necessary vitamins and minerals, particularly folic acid, calcium and iron. Give your baby the best possible start in life. Make sure you are taking good quality prental vitamins throughout your pregnancy and while you are nursing.
Take Your Prental Vitamins And Give Your Baby A Great Start In Life

Obstetricians and midwives all recommend that pregnant women take prental vitamins to supplement their diets. A few doctors and midwives tell women to begin prenatal vitamins three months prior to conceiving. Making sure that the mother and baby get enough vitamins is critical. Folic acid, calcium and iron are three of the most essential during pregnancy.

Folic Acid Protects Against Neural Tube Defects

According to Hans R. Larsen, MSc, ChE, about 88% of all Americans do not get enough folic acid in their diets. This means that there is a good chance you are not getting enough. Folic acid is one of the B vitamins. Women of childbearing age who are planning a pregnancy should take 800 micrograms (mcg) of folate or folic acid every day. Once pregnant, this amount should be increased to 1000 mcg every day. Ideally, most folic acid should come from foods, including green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans and citrus fruits.

What is the big deal about getting enough folic acid? A deficiency in folic acid can cause a neural tube birth defect, the most common of which is Spina Bifida. In a neural tube defect, the baby’s spine and nerves are not safely inside of the body. Rather, the baby is born with an open spine and nerves. That is to say, the spine and nerves are outside of the body, visible to the eye. In this unprotected state, nerves are damaged. Although surgery can correct this defect, the damage is done to the nerves and the child will have varying degrees of paralysis and other consequences from being born with an open spine.

There is something you can do to prevent this birth defect. You can take the recommended dosages of folic acid prior to and throughout your pregnancy. Since this neural tube defect occurs very early in pregnancy, within the first 28 days, all women should take 400 mcg of folic acid as a matter of course. Folic acid has been shown to prevent neural tube defects in many studies.

Calcium Prevents Against Bone Loss

Growing a new body is a very complex task that draws on the mother’s body. Taking a calcium supplement is essential to prevent bone loss in the mother. A lack of calcium sets a mother up for a greater risk of osteoporosis and a variety of other health problems. The recommended dosage of calcium for anyone between the ages of 19 and 51 is 1000 mg every day, this includes pregnant women.

After age 51, the recommended dose of calcium per day is 1200 mg. Keep in mind that prenatal vitamins are only meant to supplement the diet, not supply the entire amount of calcium necessary. Most prenatal vitamins provide only 200-300 mg. So, to meet all of your calcium needs and the needs of your baby, it is important to eat calcium-rich foods and not rely solely on your prenatal vitamin for you calcium needs.

Iron Prevents Low Birth Weight

Iron is essential to red blood cell formation. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the entire body. Without enough iron and red blood cells, you will experience fatigue and a host of other symptoms. A full 50% of all pregnant women do not get enough iron. Women who do not get enough iron have been shown to go into labor too early and have low birth weight babies. Pregnant women should get 27 mg of iron each day.

Mother Nature controls most of a baby’s development before birth. But, there are things you can influence and defects you can prevent by taking the recommended amounts of prental vitamins. Be sure you do everything you can to give your baby a good start in life. Take your vitamins.
You Can Prevent Birth Defects By Taking Prental Vitamins

Women who are planning to become pregnant or who are currently pregnant should take prenatal vitamins to correct any deficiencies in their diets. While prenatal vitamins will not supply all of the vitamins and minerals a woman needs, they will supplement shortfalls in the woman’s diet. Taking prental vitamins will ensure that the baby is healthy at birth and that the mother remains healthy throughout her pregnancy. Three vitamins and minerals that are absolutely essential during pregnancy are folic acid, calcium and iron. Being deficient in any of these can create major health problems for the baby and the mother, as well as create complications in the pregnancy itself.

Folic Acid: A Required B Vitamin

Research revealed that an astounding 88% of all Americans do not get enough folic acid. According to the Mayo Clinic, all women planning a pregnancy need 800 micrograms of folic acid each day. Upon conception the folic acid requirements increase to 1000 mcg a day.

Neural tube defects are one of the most preventable birth defects. Folic acid can prevent neural tube defects like Spina Bifida. When a baby is born with Spina Bifida, his or her spine is open and outside of the body, not closed and protected. Nerves are exposed and usually experience some kind of damage, which results in paralysis, cerebral palsy and other health issues that will last a lifetime.

Neural tube defects occur by the 28th day of pregnancy. This is well before most women even realize that they are expecting a baby. Research has shown that folic acid can prevent neural tube defects. Every woman should take 400 mcg of folic acid or folate per day to make sure their folic acid needs are met.

Calcium: A Required Mineral

All men and women, including pregnant women, who are between 19 and 50 years old need 1000 mg of calcium per day. The baby uses the mother’s stores of calcium and the calcium that the mother eats. If the mother is not getting enough calcium to meet her own needs and the needs of the baby, she could develop health problems, such as bone loss and osteoporosis.

Starting at 51 years old, calcium requirements for all adults increase to 1200 mg per day. Most prenatal vitamins contain only 200-300 mg of calcium. Therefore, they cannot be relied upon to supply an entire day’s calcium requirements.

Iron: Required For Red Blood Cell Formation

A full half of all pregnant women are deficient in iron, or anemic. Without iron, the body cannot make the necessary number of red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. This results in fatigue and other symptoms, as well as low birth weight and premature labor amongst pregnant women. Iron needs increase from 18 mg a day for females who are not pregnant to 27 mg a day for pregnant females.

Pregnancy is an exciting time. It can also be a time of worrying about whether or not the baby will be healthy or not. While much of a baby’s development is essentially out of the mother’s hands, there are some things that she can do to help the baby get the best start in life possible. She can make sure that she does not smoke or drink alcohol, eats right and takes her prental vitamins as her doctor recommends.

Share on Facebook

Incoming search terms for the article:

Pregancy

Julie — Fri, 14 Aug 2009 06:40:00 +0000

Early pregancy is an exciting time for most women. When you find out that you are pregant, you may choose to start planning for your experience week by week. Each day you will have a hundred questions, but overall it is a wonderful experience. Questions such as what you can eat, will you be able to exercise, and what type of prenatal tests should you consider taking?

Pregancy Symptoms

Even before you find out you are pregant, the symptoms or worry about being pregnant can be overwhelming. For many women, they complain that they are tired and unusually hungry. These basic pregancy symptoms often lead women to take the first steps of buying a pregancy test to find out if they are pregant.

If you find out you are carrying twins during your pregancy the number of possible questions and concerns may double. How much weight will you gain, how can you prevent preterm labor, what can you do to maximize your level of success? Will you need to go on bed rest? Let’s face it, the stress can be overwhelming.

Pregancy Calendar

Whatever questions you may have, understanding your pregancy week by week can help you make good decisions. By tracking your pregancy calendar you can follow where your baby is in the development process. Pregancy calendars are fantastic tools as they allow you to better experience the miracle of pregnancy and the process of planning for a baby.
There are many resources to choose from, and no shortage of books, blogs and websites from which to draw information. Learn nutrition do’s and don’ts, and get the basics on other healthy pregnancy issues from exercise to back pain and sex. The more you know about your pregnancy week by week, the more manageable your pregnancy may seem.

Share on Facebook

Incoming search terms for the article:

Pregnancy Problems

Julie — Wed, 05 Aug 2009 05:16:26 +0000

Thousands of resources have been established address pregnancy problems. Just like you, women all over the world get scared during pregnancy. When challenges and problems are uncovered during pregnancy, you may worry about your health and the health of your baby. These concerns are normal, and it is also very likely that the pregnancy problems that you are experiencing is normal as well.

Risks and Pregnancy Problems

The first trimester of pregnancy presents the highest risk for complications and miscarriage. Most women are aware of this fact and as a result overanalyze any problems that come up during this period. However, many of these pregnancy problems are actually normal and should not be cause for undue concern. However, any of your concerns should be monitored by your doctor.

Common and Minor Problems

Nausea and morning sickness is experienced in almost every pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Morning sickness is unpleasant, but typically not horrible. Unfortunately some women have more challenges with morning sickness and can’t even keep liquids down. If your morning sickness is too extreme, you may want to address your challenges with your doctor.

Spotting While Pregnant

Spotting can be another problem during the first trimester of pregnancy. For most women spotting can be extremely concerning, but during the first few months of pregnancy is actually normal. Spotting while pregnant is usually seen as a small bit of brown or pink that are excreted during pregnancy. However, if you see red blood, heavy bleeding, or are passing tissues or clots, you should see your doctor immediately.

Later in the pregnancy many more and problems are typically developed that cause discomfort. Heartburn, fatigue, lower back pain may cause hours of discomfort. Even though this is normal, it can still be very uncomfortable.

You should consult your doctor if your daily experiences become too uncomfortable. You may also consider talking to your doctor if your pregnancy problems require medications to help you handle pregnancy. Chronic discomfort late during pregnancy may also be an indication that there are challenges with the baby. Your doctor may want to perform a sonogram to make sure everything is well.

You should be aware that high blood pressure during pregnancy or insulin and blood sugar challenges during the late stage of pregnancy may present additional challenges. For most women, these challenges can be addressed through proper diet and controlled medication. However, if left unchecked high blood sugar or gestational diabetes can seriously impact the health of the baby.

Regardless of the problems that you experience, know that you are not alone. Most women experience pregnancy problems and for the large part they are normal. Remember however, that if you have doubt or something feels wrong, let your doctor know immediately.

Share on Facebook

Incoming search terms for the article:

Chinese Gender Chart

Julie — Sun, 02 Aug 2009 06:04:10 +0000

I have been spending a bit of time online looking for a Chinese gender chart. Although I have found a number of calculators with dropdown menus, I have had a difficult time locating a good representation of the original Chinese gender chart. Thanks to Google images and a little research, I was able to find a gender chart that supposedly represents the data originally presented in the original chart.

Using the Chinese gender chart

To use the Chinese gender chart, you simply follow you age across and the baby’s month of conception down. The intersection is the gender determination for the gender chart. It is important when using this chart, or talking about it with friends to know that the original Chinese gender chart was based upon the mother’s lunar age. This lunar age is significantly different from your solar age which is what we typically refer to when we tell people how old we are.

Chinese Gender Chart

Share on Facebook

Incoming search terms for the article:

Flying When Pregnant – First, Second and Third Trimester

Julie — Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:56:48 +0000

The experience of flying when pregnant becomes more and more challenging through the third trimester. During the first trimester, even though your risk of a bad outcome is higher, sitting in an airline seat is much more comfortable if you are traveling during the first trimester of pregnancy. Traveling during the second trimester of pregnancy is actually a bit safer than traveling during the first or third trimester. Your risk are a bit lower, and depending how many weeks pregnant you are, your level of comfort may be okay. The big challenge comes when you are traveling during the third trimester of pregnancy. If you are flying when pregnant during your third trimester, not only do you carry a higher risk of premature birth, but just squeezing into the seat may very well be a challenge.

Flying When Pregnant

Airline travel when pregnant has both challenges and risks, but both can be managed with a little forethought and preparation. The airline travel rules vary from airline to airline, but most have a specific cutoff after which you should not fly. The restrictions on flying when pregnant may seem like a hassle, especially if you have somewhere to go, but the travel restrictions are there to protect the health of you and your baby as well as protect the airline from increased liability.

First Trimester Travel

Statistically, travel during the first trimester of pregnancy is more risky than other trimesters. Although you may not be far along, variations in pressure, immobility for long periods, turbulence, and other factors may provide challenges to an expecting mother.

Second Trimester Travel

Air travel during your second trimester of pregnancy is statistically more safe than the first or third trimester. Although you need to get up and walk around, both to keep good circulation in your legs as well as get to the bathroom, traveling when pregnant in the second trimester should not be a problem.

Third Trimester Travel

When you are traveling when pregnant, air travel during the third trimester is a challenge that increases as you approach your due date. In addition to the discomfort of fitting into your chair and having to sit for an extended period, your risk of birth is at the forefront of your risks. In fact, most airlines will not let you travel after you reach so many weeks of pregnancy. Unless it is absolutely mandatory, you should adhere to the airlines pregnant travelers policy and not fly when they tell you that you shouldn’t.

Share on Facebook

Incoming search terms for the article:

When Pregnant

Julie — Tue, 14 Jul 2009 17:54:12 +0000

When pregnant, there is a lot that you can do nutritionally to support your baby. Developing babies required nutrients that come from a diverse and varied diet. When you are pregnant, be sure to consume a variety of fruits and vegetables, as well as breads and cereals and fiber-containing grains. Low fat milk, cheeses, and lean meats are also great to eat when pregnant. Fish is a great source of the omega 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA which help support healthy brain development, but be sure to only consume wild caught fish, and limit your weekly intake. There is a worry that fish contain mercury which is a byproduct of our own pollution and mercury can be harmful during pregnancy. A baby fetus has continual needs for protein, iron, calcium, an thousands of other nutrients. The best way to ensure that they get these nutrients in adequate quantities is by eating a healthy and diverse diet.

Drinking Water During Pregnancy

When pregnant, be sure to drink plenty of water and stay hydrated, especially early on in your pregnancy. It is important to stay hydrated as your due date progresses, but at some point you may begin to retain water. This is normal, but be sure that your doctor remains informed about any changes in your pregnancy or overall health.

Exercising When Pregnant

In addition to eating right, low impact exercise may be helpful during your pregnancy. Non-strenuous exercise can help keep your body in shape as you prepare for the most strenuous marathon of your life. The benefits of exercising when pregnant are too numerous to name, but be sure to no overdo it, and to once again keep your doctor informed.

Things to Avoid During Pregnancy

As part of staying healthy during this time, exercise and eating right are key. Even more important however is staying away from bad habits that my impact your growing baby’s health. Drinking when pregnant is not recommended. There are too many documented cases of fetal alcohol syndrome in the world and drinking during pregnancy can set your baby up for a lifetime of health challenges. The other big thing to avoid is cigarette smoking when pregnant. Smoking is not recommended at any stage of life, but can be especially challenging when expecting a baby. The toxins that you bring into your body from smoke not only need to be metabolized by you, but also your developing baby. Unfortunately, a growing fetus is not well equipped to handle the onslaught of toxins that smoking provides.

Pregnancy is a time of great joy for many women. Not only is it a great time of change for you, but it marks a fundamental change in the rest of your life. By eating right, staying healthy, and avoiding toxins such as alcohol and cigarette smoke, you can enjoy a healthy and happy pregnancy.

Incoming search terms for the article:

DHA During Pregnancy

Julie — Mon, 13 Jul 2009 17:13:51 +0000

: Image by D’Arcy Norman via Flickr

I often write about what to take when pregnant, but the emerging science for essential fatty acids is much more broad than a specific recommendation for pregnancy. Being one of those people that had children later than most of my peers; okay 35 is not old, but its not 20 either, I am concerned that my memories of this fantastic time will fade. I am even more worried that all of my memories, especially my short term memory will eventually go away. I spend a great deal of time reading different studies on the effects that different nutrients have on the body and there continues to be great research supporting the consumption of DHA and EPA to support many aspects of health.

DHA for pregnancy:

DHA during pregnancy is great, but the emerging science shows that DHA supports healthy brain development in growing children. No wonder so many infant formulas have DHA in them. Personally I am a big fan of DHA fortified milk along with supplementation with fish oil and routine fish consumption.

DHA is turning out to be very supportive during all stages of life, from pregnancy to old age. I came across a study this morning that shows that implies that DHA may be helpful for memory later in life. I have reprinted the article below:

“Daily supplements with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may improve both memory function and heart health in healthy older adults, according to a new study from Martek.

By Stephen Daniells, 13-Jul-2009

The results, specific to people with a decline in cognitive function that occurs naturally with age, were presented at the Alzheimer’s Association 2009 International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease (ICAD 2009) in Vienna.

Almost 500 people took part in the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, six month study, which also recorded improvements in the heart rate of people receiving the DHA supplement. The study was funded by Martek Biosciences.

“In our study, healthy people with memory complaints who took algal DHA capsules for six months had almost double the reduction in errors on a test that measures learning and memory performance versus those who took a placebo,” said Yurko-Mauro, PhD, associate director of clinical research at Martek and lead researcher of the study.

“The benefit is roughly equivalent to having the learning and memory skills of someone three years younger.”

Cognitive decline occurs naturally as we age, and precedes diseases such as Alzheimer’s. However, according to other findings also presented at ICAD 2009 in Vienna, the omega-3 fatty acid supplements did not benefit people already suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.

Scientists from Oregon Health and Science University, the University of California, San Diego, Boston University, and Martek report that DHA had no general impact on the cognitive health of people with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s.

Implications

“These two studies raise the possibility that [interventions] for Alzheimer’s must be given very early in the disease for them to be truly effective,” said William Thies, PhD, chief medical and scientific officer at the Alzheimer’s Association.

“For that to happen, we need to get much better at early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s, in order to test therapies at earlier stages of the disease and enable earlier intervention,” he added.

Alzheimer’s data

The Alzheimer’s study involved 402 people with an average age of 76, ‘probable’ Alzheimer’s, dietary DHA intakes of no greater than 200 mg per day, and a Mini-mental state exam score (MMSE) between 14 and 26. The participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily DHA dose of 2 grams per day, or placebo, for 18 months.

Results of the double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial, funded by the National Institutes of Health, showed no evidence for benefit in the studied population. Blood levels of DHA did increase, however.

“These trial results do not support the routine use of DHA for patients with Alzheimer’s,” said lead researcher Joseph Quinn, MD.

In a subset of people who carried the “e4″ version of the “ApoE” gene, however, the researchers noted a slower rate of decline on the primary test of mental function (the ADAS-cog). ApoE-e4 is known to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s but does not appear to modify the rate of disease progression.

“This is an intriguing exploratory result,” said Quinn. “However it must be treated with appropriate caution. The finding requires further study for confirmation.”

The golden touch on age-related cognitive decline

The Memory Improvement with DHA Study (MIDAS) involved 485 healthy older people with an average age of 70 and a mild memory complaint. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either 900 mg per day of algal DHA or placebo for 6 months.

Results of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study showed that participants taking DHA supplements made significantly fewer errors on the Paired Associate Learning (PAL) test compared to when they started the study.

Furthermore, plasma DHA levels doubled during the study in the DHA group, and correlated with the PAL response.

The researchers also noted a significant decrease in heart rate in the DHA group, while blood pressure and weight did not change.

“Six month supplementation with DHA (900mg/d) improves memory function and decreases heart rate in healthy older adults with ARCD. This improvement on the PAL is associated with a shift in the normative distribution to a younger age,” wrote the MIDAS investigators.

Sources:

Alzheimer’s Association 2009 International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease (ICAD 2009) in Vienna

Presentation #O1-04-02, 12 July 2009

“A clinical trial of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease”

Authors: J.F. Quinn, R. Raman, R.G. Thomas, K. Ernstrom, K. Yurko-Mauro, E.B. Nelson, L. Shinto, A.K. Nair, P. Aisen

Alzheimer’s Association 2009 International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease (ICAD 2009) in Vienna

Presentation #O1-04-01

“Results of the MIDAS Trial: Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Physiological and Safety Parameters in Age-Related Cognitive Decline”

Authors: K. Yurko-Mauro, D. McCarthy, E. Bailey-Hall, E.B. Nelson, A. Blackwell, MIDAS Investigators”

Eating oily fish may benefit people with age-related macular degeneration (eye.taragana.net)

Share on Facebook

Bloom'en Nutrition » When Pregnant

Prenatal Vitamins Are Designed Just For Pregnancy And Lactation

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Pregancy

Pregancy Symptoms

Pregancy Calendar

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Pregnancy Problems

Risks and Pregnancy Problems

Common and Minor Problems

Spotting While Pregnant

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Chinese Gender Chart

Using the Chinese gender chart

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Flying When Pregnant – First, Second and Third Trimester

Flying When Pregnant

First Trimester Travel

Second Trimester Travel

Third Trimester Travel

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

When Pregnant

Drinking Water During Pregnancy

Exercising When Pregnant

Things to Avoid During Pregnancy

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

DHA During Pregnancy

DHA for pregnancy:

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Bloom'en Nutrition » When Pregnant

Prenatal Vitamins Are Designed Just For Pregnancy And Lactation

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Pregancy

Pregancy Symptoms

Pregancy Calendar

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Pregnancy Problems

Risks and Pregnancy Problems

Common and Minor Problems

Spotting While Pregnant

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Chinese Gender Chart

Using the Chinese gender chart

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

Flying When Pregnant – First, Second and Third Trimester

Flying When Pregnant

First Trimester Travel

Second Trimester Travel

Third Trimester Travel

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

When Pregnant

Drinking Water During Pregnancy

Exercising When Pregnant

Things to Avoid During Pregnancy

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts

DHA During Pregnancy

DHA for pregnancy:

Related articles by Zemanta

Incoming search terms for the article:

Related posts